By Oxana Sidorova and Rebecca Campbell-Montalvo (contact rebecca.campbell@uconn.edu)

Funded by El Instituto and the Collaboratory for School and Child Heath at UConn, El Instituto graduate student Oxana Sidorova and Curriculum and Instruction Postdoctoral Research Associate Rebecca Campbell-Montalvo, along with colleagues in UConn Nursing (Ruth Lucas, Xiaomei Cong) and at the University of Denver (Miriam Valdovinos), conducted research in the months prior to the Covid pandemic in a local Connecticut Elementary school. The work, currently being revised to be resubmitted to AERAOpen as an invited manuscript examines healthcare access brokerage by school employees for immigrant Mexican and Indigenous Guatemalan farmworking families.

Nearly 20,000 Migrant and Seasonal Farmworkers (MSF) adults live in the Connecticut River Valley region and commonly work with shade and broadleaf tobacco, fruit trees, or in nurseries throughout the state (State of Connecticut, n.d.), yet there is no verifiable data on how those with children are served by local schools. The research team conducted twelve exploratory interviews with parents speaking English and/or Spanish with at least one child enrolled at the school and school employees speaking English and/or Spanish who work directly with migrant and/or seasonal farmworking students at one of the elementary schools in Eastern Connecticut. Conversations with school employees showed that MSF students are in attendance at the school, and students from the school year 2019 when research was conducted were newly arriving immigrants with most from Guatemala, and many were Indigenous K’iche’ speakers. Interviewees explained that chain migration and church connections facilitated job searches for incoming migrant families and encouraged a continued movement of people to the area. In their interviews, parents and school employees talked about the various health care needs and concerns of families. Three major themes emerged from participant interviews: MSF family health needs, health care access brokerage, and employee barriers to brokerage.

Our research confirmed that MSF families have health needs that are often compounded due to their structural vulnerability. These needs included immunizations, vision, dental, mental health, and other concerns. Attending medical appointments and obtaining medication are often difficult for MSF families. According to the school staff and interviewed mothers, parents are often unable to take advantage of services due to personal reasons, financial issues, having to be at work, lack of transportation, and linguistic barriers. However, Nippawus’ main office and various school employees played a crucial role in brokering health information and health care access to families. In fact, a range of school employees worked together and prioritized families’ wellbeing and offered a generally cohesive approach to supporting families that often connected them to medical offices and community organizations. The finding that such a broad range of school employees – including its principal, the FRC workers, one administrative support staff member, its nurse, and one of its social workers – can address family health needs extends previous work that focused on specific sets of employees (i.e., Campbell-Montalvo & Castañeda’s [2019] focus on Migrant Advocates). The school employees’ brokerage through deep connections and relationships with local clinics is more pronounced than suggested in earlier research. Yet, there were barriers that hindered this brokerage, including a gap between families’ needs and school personnel members’ awareness of families’ needs as well as employee exhaustion and the sheer number of issues encountered by MSF families. Many MSF participants explained that they did not have health care resources or medical services at the schools from which they come, and parents are not expecting the school to provide that kind of support. To address brokerage obstacles, school staff found they must balance friendliness that they try to achieve in their relationships with families and keeping professional boundaries, in order to not burn out.

Further, although our research highlights that school employees provided extensive brokerage, parents and school personnel did not always find points of connection between family needs and school employee brokerage. Families and school staff reported putting forth good effort at communication and meeting MSF children’s needs, yet a lack of coordination and communication due to language barriers, the impact of the domestic violence having differing backgrounds, lacking knowledge about healthcare, and encountering stress from being a migrant continue to threaten MSF families’ healthcare access. Other limitations to help-seeking and service provision for undocumented immigrants include not knowing the rights that individuals have when accessing care, privacy concerns, and not trusting systems will be responsive to their needs. Ultimately, a more coordinated way of communication and sharing ideas both between school staff and between staff and parents should be developed, especially one that meets the language needs of groups such as K’iche’-speakers.

Overall, MSF families experience structural vulnerability which puts them at increased health risk and impacts their access to health care. Currently, MSF families access Husky Health/Medicaid and Children’s Health Insurance Program services at a lower rate than their non-MSF counterparts do. Likewise, MSFs are difficult to reach due to their migratory patterns and possible unauthorized residence in this country. As this pilot, exploratory research suggests and as supported by the Centers for Disease Control Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child model, schools are an ideal setting to address healthcare access gaps for children with MSF status. Thus, the need for an intervention to address MSF children’s health needs and potential of the schools to fill this need, coupled with the fact that schools are compulsory, suggests a school-based program could be ideal. Deployed systematically across the U.S., a school health broker program in areas with migrants and others facing structural vulnerability could offer vast improvement in health and healthcare access. Finally, future research should consider how generalizable the brokerage of a vast array of employees who establishes deep relationships with the community and medical professionals found here is in other settings, as well as study the effects of an implemented broker model in schools.

Contributed by Samuel Martínez

 

Episode 4 of the WHUS podcast series, “Talking Across Activisms,” featured a conversation among Gabriela Ramos-King, Lizzette Pérez, María Mejía-Girón, and Yadiel Rodríguez, all former students in UConn’s Latin American and Latino/a Studies program, about their work helping the creation and implementation of a Latinx Studies 12^th grade history curriculum for Connecticut’s public high schools. As part of their work for the Latinx/Latin American Studies major core course (LLAS 2012) Writing for the Community, Latinx Studies majors at UConn helped to design a syllabus for this course in the Spring of 2020. In this episode, the students discuss the work that went into the project and their ongoing contributions to the fight for representation and justice in our state’s public school system.

Talking Across Activisms is a podcast about activism in Connecticut and beyond. Talking Across Activisms aims to provide a platform for grassroots and radical organizers to share their perspectives on justice and liberation.

 

Contributed by Maria Hernandez 

In his twenty years of teaching, Jesús Ramos-Kittrell charismatically highlights that there is no secret ingredient nor a unique method to teaching students but instead it is important to provide “a space for subjectivity.” Ramos-Kittrell, Assistant Professor in Residence of Music History and Ethnomusicology and Faculty Affiliate of El Instituto, has been awarded the AAUP Teaching Innovation Award. He believes that teaching is about providing students with a space that allows them to expand their critical thinking and align it with their desire to want something different. To Professor Ramos-Kittrell this is important in order for students to make sense of what information is presented to them and to excel intellectually.

Ramos-Kittrell credits UConn in providing a space for him in which he can focus on a pedagogy that centers on students’ strengths, finding strategies for engaging students, and allowing him to choose content that benefits students intellectually. Although Ramos has been teaching for a long time, he humbly says, “I don’t know how to teach someone to feel something that they don’t know because they never felt.” To him, it is a work in progress which changes across generations, different social background experiences, and students that come with different strengths. When designing his syllabus and selecting courses to teach, Ramos wants students to be able to engage in questioning the production of differences, the question of diversity and exclusion in corporate rhetoric, and representational practices.

Part of pedagogical practices according to Ramos-Kittrell is “paying attention to student’s needs” as this is crucial for student’s learning. Ramos has worked with students who often do not come with academic strength such as writing but instead opts to work with them to find ways to work on their strength instead of losing the student’s interest completely. The pandemic posed another challenge for professors like Ramos-Kittrell who now has to find a way to engage with students virtually. He emphasizes that challenges such as lagging internet connections and having students who shared spaces with roommates, friends, and family made it difficult to build rapport through face-to-face communication. For Ramos-Kittrell, finding a methodology for teaching virtually is about creating engagement structures that vary. Some ways he would allow students to engage and be interactive would be through ice breakers, telling jokes, playing music in the background, and providing breakout rooms that allowed them to feel comfortable. Despite the success of these structures, they were difficult to implement in larger virtual classes.

One piece of advice that Ramos-Kittrell would provide to incoming educators is “if you want to be a university professor, we have a lot of challenges in higher education. Especially in American higher education.” He expresses that it is important for incoming professors to continue fostering a space for thought, critical thinking, and to continue to research ways to provide spaces in which students can succeed. For Ramos-Kittrell, teaching one student can make an enormous difference since they will pass this knowledge on to others.

 

Contributed by Samuel Martínez

On the evening of Wednesday, 7 April, El Instituto, together with the Connecticut Democracy Center at the Old State House (OSH), Hartford, co-hosted a live-streamed conversation with Karla Cornejo Villavicencio, Ecuadorian-American essayist and creative nonfiction writer, moderated by Fany Hannon, Director of UConn’s Puerto Rican and Latin American Cultural Center. “The Undocumented Americans: A Conversation with Karla Cornejo Villavicencio,” focuses on Cornejo’s experiences in writing her celebrated book, The Undocumented Americans, based on her travels across much of the United States to talk to undocumented immigrants about their lives. The book was named one of 20 “must read” books from 2020 by Barack Obama and is a finalist for the National Book Critics Circle Jon Leonard Award for best first book.

After an introduction by OSH Museum Educator, Mariana García, Hannon asked Cornejo to speak about her motivation to write the book. Cornejo answered that the 2016 election changed her attitude toward her art. Before that, as an undocumented immigrant, she did not want her life to be defined by being an immigrant in the ways her parents’ lives had been. After Trump’s ascent, Cornejo said she found courage in James Baldwin’s The Fire Next Time, to write about immigration in ways that did not elide the costs that displacement to the North took from her mental health and that of other out-of-status immigrants. “I knew I had something different to say,” she remarked. “I don’t think that we necessarily have debts to anybody but ourselves, but I know that I could write about immigration in a way that was different than it had been written about before.”

Speaking of the psychological burden of feeling indebted to our parents, Cornejo said, “Our parents have lived lives not necessarily making their own choices or following their own dreams, and it’s a continuation of intergenerational trauma for us to try to repay debts to them and to live a life in not pursuing our own dreams and making decisions that are based on someone else’s decision.”

Cornejo accented the need for younger and older people to care for their mental health: “It means making boundaries with parents, with family; you’re not responsible for everybody. It means acknowledging that there’s intergenerational trauma in our families. … Encourage your parents to seek a sobriety group, or an AA class in Spanish, if you see that they’ve struggled with self-medicating for a while.” Whereas mental health and self-care concepts are already well-integrated into Latinx lifestyles, Cornejo said that there remains a hesitancy of Latinxs to talk about mental illness: “I guess there’s the cultural belief that you really shouldn’t let weakness show, and you associate a lack of an ability to tough it out with weakness, and therefore sensitivity, anxiety, depression, PTSD, addiction, panic attacks, all these things … become scary.” “I think one way we could approach it is by describing them as medical, and as symptoms, rather than a diagnosis.”

Cornejo also shared insights gained from her living among immigrant communities, attending their places of work, worship and leisure, and listening to the stories of their struggles for dignity and justice in the cities of Flint and Miami. “When I traveled across the country, I [became] aware of the different kinds of jobs there are and the different ways of surviving.” Speaking of undocumented immigrants in Connecticut, she commented, “There’s so much undocumented diversity.” “I mean, undocumented immigrants do everything, right?” “I’ve learned a lot about undocumented people in Connecticut.”

About her next directions, Cornejo spoke of having struggled for many years with suicidal ideations, and of lately finding success in treatment for depression. “For the past few months, I have been feeling like I can make goals beyond just finding peace.” “I want to write this very good novel, that I’m working on now. … I’d like to move out of this apartment, and find a house with a backyard for my dog, and I hope to keep on writing the kinds of things that will help other queer kids, help the children of immigrants find a reason to keep going that isn’t their parents, or isn’t helping the community, or just surviving, but something that genuinely brings them some happiness, and not just peace.”

 

Contributed by Jacqueline Loss

Over four afternoons between March 2nd and 5th, the symposium “The Translation of Letters and Ideas in Cuba’s Republic” took place virtually at the University of Connecticut, Storrs. Sponsored by the Department of Literatures, Cultures and Languages, the UConn Humanities Institute, an Instituto Seed Grant, the John N. Plank Lecture Series, and the Office of Global Affairs, the event brought together more than a dozen scholars who reside in the United States, Spain, Cuba, and Mexico.

Organized by Jacqueline Loss (Professor of Literatures, Cultures, and Languages) and Reynaldo Lastre (Ph.D. student in the same department) the symposium served as a space to generate and elaborate upon debates related to the politics and poetics of translation in Cuba from a broad theoretical spectrum. The event’s online nature meant that despite the symposium’s seemingly specific topic, it attracted between 40-60 audience members from around the world on a daily basis, making the Q and A sessions especially productive.

The discussions were organized into four different panels. “Translation and Ethnography,” moderated by Jane Gordon (Professor of Political Science), explored racial debates within Cuba’s Republic, paying special attention to the way in which new “scientific” ideas penetrated literary discourse. Taking this topic as a point of departure, the panel “Disciplines and National Identity,” moderated by Melina Pappademos (Director of the Africana Studies Institute and Associate Professor of History), problematized concepts as dissimilar as choteo, respectability and refinement, universalization, the translation across Caribbean islands and languages, childhood, and the forging of psychoanalytical discourse through translation. As part of the second day’s program, Peter Constantine and Brian Sneeden (Professors of Literatures, Cultures, and Languages) familiarized conference participants with UConn’s leading translation program. The third panel, “Philosophies, Geopolitics, and Translation,” moderated by Samuel Martínez (Director of El Instituto and Professor of Anthropology), emphasized the impact of the Cold War in decisions regarding what to translate and how to translate, particularly in the framework of literary and cultural magazines. To a large extent, the authors and topics that were chosen to be translated were conditioned and reinforced by the ideological perspective of the editorial lines of these publications. Finally, with the panel “Traveling Discourses,” moderated by Guillermo Irizarry (Associate Professor at Literatures, Cultures, and Languages), the formal and ethical problems faced by translators emerged, as well as the extent to which figures such as José Martí have been “monumentalized” through translation.

As can be surmised, the discussions went back and forth between an analysis of literal translations and their political and ideological implications. For the particular case of Cuba between 1902 and 1959, the remarkable presence of the Cold War, the transition from the colonial system to a Republican government, growing cosmopolitanism, and the opening of the public sphere made the exercise of translation one of the emerging nation’s most important vehicles. The impact of these translations was not only seen within the framework of literary trends, but also in medicine (especially psychiatry and pediatrics), criminology, and ethnology.

Many of the presentations expanded the time frame of the Republic, connecting the politics of translation in the colonial and Republican periods and reflecting upon their repercussions in the present on the island and in the Diaspora. Just one of those approaches that exceeded the framework of the Republic of Cuba was evident in a brilliant keynote lecture by Rafael Rojas, professor and scholar at the Colegio de México, who addressed three ways in which the Cuban Revolution was reflected in translations of Cuban magazines in the 1960s.

While summarizing these exciting exchanges in a categorical and balanced way is challenging, it is worth remembering the questions that were posed at the end of the symposium—questions that we hope to return to within an edited volume on the topic of this conference: How does friendship influence the politics of translation? What can we learn about translation through anecdote? How does the practice of invisibility of translators impact the construction of disciplines? What role does solidarity have within the politics of translation? Who is allowed to enter into these relationships, and who is not? In what way can the desire to translate also imply violence, coercion, or manipulation? How does literature translate disciplines that were the product of translations in an emerging nation? To what extent might translation attempt to rectify practices of marginalization?